Italy, West Germany, France, Greece, Portugal and Spain in Western Europe: An Overview of Economic and Political Change during the 1970s and 1980s Summary This article provides an overview of the economic and political changes that took place in Western Europe during the 1970s and 1980s. It features Italy’s national debt, the growth of the …
The Profound Effects of the Crimean War on European Politics Summary The Crimean War had significant, although limited, direct outcomes, but its broader effects on international politics in Europe were profound. It led to the reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, serious military reforms in Britain, and significant social, governmental, and military reforms in Russia. It …
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The Complexity of Absolute Monarchy in France and the Habsburg Monarchy Summary The text delves into the complexity of absolute monarchy in France and the Habsburg Monarchy. While France had a centralized monarchy, the Habsburg Monarchy was characterized by diversity, with various regions, languages, and ethnic and linguistic groups coexisting with variable levels of harmony. …
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