The Political and Economic Power of the Catholic Church in Europe Summary This article discusses the political and economic power of the Catholic Church in Europe during the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. It notes that the Church was the wealthiest corporation in Europe with property holdings that were extensive and estimated to be …
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Improvements Made by Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Revolution Summary This article explores the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Revolution on France and the rest of Europe. It highlights the changes that Napoleon brought to France, including the establishment of the Bank of France, stabilizing the economy, and the promulgation of six legal …
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The French Revolution and Its Impact on Modern History Summary The French Revolution was a period of drastic social and political change in France that began in 1789 and lasted until 1799. It was sparked by a combination of factors, including government bankruptcy and high bread prices due to a poor harvest. The revolutionaries, mainly …
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The Emergence of Public Opinion in European Politics Summary The 18th century saw significant agitation for political reform in both England and France. While riots and violence were used to draw public attention to the issue of rising bread prices in Paris, England experienced periodic eruptions of violence directed towards government policies, national or religious …
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Nationalism and the Role of the Rulers in Europe: A Historical Perspective Summary This article explores the development of nationalism in Ireland and the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of the eighteenth century. It also discusses the role of nationalism in European politics from the seventeenth century to the French Revolution. Additionally, it analyzes the …
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The Growth of the Modern State in Early Modern Europe Summary The text explores the development of the state in Early Modern Europe, with a focus on military developments and the expansion of political power. It discusses the transition from prescriptive, particularist, and pious political thought to rational, universal, and secular thinking, using the example …
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The Holy Roman Empire: Governance, Structure, and Decline Summary The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity governed by imperial law, with power diffused throughout society. It had various institutions, including the Reichstag, two courts, regional groupings of principalities, and an imperial army. Despite being deficient in many ways, the empire was remarkably resilient …
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The Role of Political Elites in Eighteenth-Century Britain Summary The Act of Union of 1707 between Scotland and England brought about the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, with a joint flag featuring the St Andrew and St George crosses. However, the union was not well-received by the Scottish people, with the aristocratic …
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Political Climate in Spain and Italy during the eighteenth century Summary The article discusses the political climates of Italy and Spain during the eighteenth century. It highlights that the reign of King Philip V was marked by instability, leading to successive favourites who came and went and the progress was erratic. Ferdinand, who replaced Philip …
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The Succession Crisis, Autocracy, and Decline in Europe Summary Peter the Great’s new law of succession created a succession crisis after three years of his death. Prince Menshikov, Peter’s close associate, backed Tsarina Catherine to become Peter’s successor, gaining support from the Guards. Catherine the Great legitimized the coup of 1762 by having the Commission …
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